![]() This study considers Muhammad Bin Qasim Port (MBQP), Karachi, Pakistan as a case study. In recent years, shipping emissions have received significant attention in developed countries due to global climate change, while in developing countries, researchers are making enormous efforts to tackle this catastrophic and pressing issue. The significant increase in shipping activities around the globe has magnified the generation of toxic pollutants. Maritime transportation is responsible for around 940 million tons of CO 2 and approximately 3% of global emissions annually. ![]() Transportation has the highest dependence on fossil fuels of any sector and accounts for 37% of carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions.
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